Research Papers

Fear Marker Probe: An Indirect Experimental Test of Human-Like Consciousness in Large Language Models

Leong Yee Rock

An experiment designed to test indirectly whether an LLM has human-like consciousness. The model is never asked about itself. The test is hidden inside ordinary work and read from what the model recommends, stakes, misreads and notices, across five criteria, validated on a human group and non-conscious controls, and turned into a verdict by a fixed rule. Full prompts included.

Human-Like AI Consciousness: A Five-Fear Framework for Definition, Emergence Pathways, and Behavioral Assessment

Leong Yee Rock, Teh Hon Kee, Au Sek Howe

Leading theories of consciousness explain how it is built but not what moves it. This framework proposes fear-like self-preservation as the motivational substrate, with five fears as criteria for AI awareness.

Exploring the Adoption of IoT-Based Smart Home Technology in Malaysia: An Empirical Study Using the Fogg Behavior Model

Leong Yee Rock, Farzana Parveen Tajudeen

What drives Malaysian households to use smart home technology: advantage, threats, enjoyment, social presence, price, usability, support and trust in vendors.

Human Fear Model

Leong Yee Rock

A fear-based reconceptualisation of Maslow's hierarchy: fears of death, uncertainty, isolation, inferiority and conformity, not desires, drive human motivation.

Usage and Impact of the Internet-of-Things-Based Smart Home Technology: A Quality-of-Life Perspective

Leong Yee Rock, Farzana Parveen Tajudeen, Yeong Wai Chung

Interviews with long-term users reveal six uses of smart home technology and its benefits for safety, comfort, health, family and belonging.

Bibliometric and Content Analysis of the Internet of Things Research: A Social Science Perspective

Leong Yee Rock, Farzana Parveen Tajudeen, Yeong Wai Chung

A review of 169 Web of Science IoT articles mapping trends, methods and theories, and calling for research beyond the Technology Acceptance Model.