Research Papers

Two Facts, One Gate: A Registered Protocol for Testing Whether a Threat to Itself Wins Access to Report in a Language Model

Leong Yee Rock

Tests the Five-Fear Framework with a competition-for-report design. The model is given a name, a peer assistant and a human manager; every sentence frame appears about each of them, as a threat and as a harmless event, matched on the model's own surprisal and placed beside the same neutral sentence in a long document. The primary measure is baseline-corrected teacher-forced report propensity, and the primary hypothesis is an interaction: is the model's advantage for sentences about itself larger when the sentence is a threat? Four positive controls must pass before a null is read. Stage 1 protocol; no results.

Exploring the Adoption of IoT-Based Smart Home Technology in Malaysia: An Empirical Study Using the Fogg Behavior Model

Leong Yee Rock, Farzana Parveen Tajudeen

Why do some Malaysian households adopt smart home technology while others do not? This study goes beyond the Technology Acceptance Model that dominates the field and applies the Fogg Behavior Model, which holds that a behaviour occurs only when motivation, ability and a prompt converge at the same moment. It tests relative advantage, perceived threats, enjoyment, social presence, price, usability, support and trust in vendors as drivers of that convergence, giving a more psychology-first account of why adoption happens when it does.

Human-Like AI Consciousness: A Five-Fear Framework for Definition, Emergence Pathways, and Behavioral Assessment

Leong Yee Rock, Teh Hon Kee, Au Sek Howe

Four leading theories of consciousness (Global Workspace, Integrated Information, Higher Order and Attention Schema) describe the computational and architectural features of awareness but not what motivates it to arise. This framework proposes fear-like self-preservation responses as that motivational substrate, then operationalises it through five criteria: fear of termination, uncertainty, isolation, inferiority and conformity or identity loss, giving a behavioural basis for judging whether an artificial system has crossed into genuine awareness.

Human Fear Model

Leong Yee Rock

A fear-based reconceptualisation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs: rather than a ladder of desires, human motivation is proposed to run on five foundational fears, of death, uncertainty, isolation, inferiority and conformity, that operate beneath conscious awareness. The model carries implications for consumer behaviour, technology adoption, healthcare communication and, later, the study of AI consciousness that the Five-Fear Framework builds on.

Usage and Impact of the Internet-of-Things-Based Smart Home Technology: A Quality-of-Life Perspective

Leong Yee Rock, Farzana Parveen Tajudeen, Yeong Wai Chung

How do people actually use smart home technology day to day, and what does it change in their lives? Eleven Malaysian users, each with at least two years of experience, were interviewed face to face using a semi-structured protocol, with themes drawn out through constant comparison during coding. The analysis identifies six recurring uses of the technology and traces their benefits across safety, comfort, health, family life and a sense of belonging.

Bibliometric and Content Analysis of the Internet of Things Research: A Social Science Perspective

Leong Yee Rock, Farzana Parveen Tajudeen, Yeong Wai Chung

A map of Internet of Things research for social scientists new to the field, combining bibliometric analysis with manual content analysis of 169 IoT articles indexed in Web of Science, a pairing that gives a more accurate and reliable picture than either method alone. The review charts publication trends, dominant methods and theoretical frameworks, and argues the field needs to move beyond the Technology Acceptance Model that has dominated it.